Abrasive - A finely divided, hard, earthy ceramic material ranging in hardness from 6 to 10 on the Mohs scale. It is used to reduce, smooth, clean or polish the surface of other less hard materials. In polishes, cleaners and compounds, the abrasive materials are usually of small size *under 325 mesh) and a hardness of between 6 and 8 Mohs. Most commonly they are composed of alumina, aluminum oxide, silica or diatomaceous earth.

Acid - a chemical substance whose properties include the ability to react with bases or alkalis in water solutions to form salts. Always has a pH less than 7. Turns litmus paper red. A pH of 1 would indicate a strong acid. Tends to attack metals or glass.

Acid Rain - Acid rain is created when sulfur dioxide or nitrogen oxides combine with smog and water to form sulfuric and nitric acids. This is perhaps one of the most common types of paint defects.

Acid Inhibitors - chemicals which greatly reduce the attack of acids on metal surfaces. Inhibitors can prevent up to 99 % of the damage caused by acids.

Acridity - the choking effect resulting from an alkaline based product. There is no smell coupled with acridity.

Active Solvent - a solvent that can dissolve a resin by itself.

Acute Effects - short range or immediate effects of chemicals on humans.

Additive - any substance incorporated into a base material, usually in low concentrations, to perform a specific function (e.g. antioxidants, stabilizers, colorants, inhibitors, preservatives, thickeners.)

Alcohol - a broad class of hydroxyl containing organic compounds occurring naturally in plants and made synthetically from petroleum derivatives such as ethylene. Alcohols perform several functions in cleaners: control viscosity, solubilize ingredients and provide low temperature stability.

Alkali - a chemical substance (such as hydroxide or carbonate or sodium or potassium) which reacts with and neutralizes an acid. Has a pH above 7. In concentrated forms, may attack paint and some metals. Turns litmus paper blue.

Amino-Functional Silicone (Amine Functional Silicone) - Am amino functional silicone is a regular silicone fluid that has been modified slightly. Every so often, instead of a dimethyl siloxane unit, an aminofunctional siloxane unit has been substituted. The aminofunctional unit creates a spot in the chain where cross linking can occur.

Amphoteric Surfactant - contains both positively charged and negatively charged groups in the same molecule. Their cationic nature dominates under acidic conditions while they display the characteristics of an anionic surfactant under basic or alkaline conditions. Suitable for use in shampoos and personal care products.

Anhydrous - refers to a chemical that contains no water. For example, caustic soda beads are anhydrous.

Anionic Surfactant - a surfactant derived from an aliphatic or arylaliphatic hydrocarbon and most commonly in the form of a sodium salt, in which the detergency and other properties depend in part on the negatively charged anion of the molecule; hence the name “anionic.”

Anodized Aluminum (Anodic Coating) - an AL O2 coating chemically bonded to an aluminum surface. The objective is to prevent oxidation of normal aluminum. Anodized aluminum usually looks as if it has a satin or colored finish. A magnet will not attract to any anodized or other aluminum surface.

Alkaline Spots - Alkaline spotting occurs when minerals or chemicals in water are left behind on the finish as the water dries.

Ash Spots - Ash spots come from chimneys of paper mills or other manufacturing plants. They are generally gray of varying size, and can be very acidic and burn deeply into paint.

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Bi-Metallic Galvanic Corrosion - (dissimilar metals) - this corrosion results in a black streak, occurring when an acid hits aluminum and another type of metal producing an electrolyte much in the same matter as a car battery. This electrolyte causes corrosion and the streak is a result.

Biodegradability - the capability of organic matter to be decomposed by biological processes. Specifically, the rate at which detergents, pesticides and other compounds may be chemically broken down by bacteria and/or natural environmental factors.

Bleach - a product that will clean, whiten, brighten and remove stains on hard surfaces.

Blushing - dulling. A negative effect which caustics and acids can have on the finish of a vehicle’s painted surface, chrome finish, etc.

Booster - a laundry aid available in granular or liquid form that is formulated to reinforce specific performance characteristics desirable in laundering.

Buffer - a compound or mixture that, when contained in a solution, causes the solution to resist change in pH. Each buffer has a characteristic limited range of pH over which it is effective.

Builder - a material that enhances or maintains the cleaning efficiency of the surfactant in a detergent formulation. The part of a formulation that imparts alkalinity, buffering, corrosion resistance, etc.; generally the non-surfactant potion of a cleaner. Builders eliminate precipitation of minerals in hard water by chelating salts which keeping them suspended, or by ion exchange.

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CAS Number - Chemical Abstract Service Number. A numerical name assigned to chemical compounds by the American Chemical Society.

Calcium Carbonate - an insoluble compound that results from the reaction of sodium (or potassium) carbonate with calcium water hardness ions.

Calcium Hypochlorite - a type of chlorine bleach used in deck cleaning products. Typically used in laundry detergents. Effective against mildew but does little to remove dirt or other surface deposits.

Cationic Surfactant - a surfactant in which the detergency and other properties reside in a positively charged ionic group.

Caustic - a strong base (pH of greater than 8, but generally not higher than 11.) The term, when used alone, usually refers to caustic soda (sodium hydroxide.) It may also refer to caustic potash (potassium hydroxide.)

Cement Spots - Dull, light gray spots on the finish which resemble mud. The lime in cement can have a high enough pH to act like paint stripper if left on the surface.

Chamois - A chamois is a piece of either suede or synthetic material used to dry surfaces without streaking.

Cleaning - Prepping the finish by removing oxidation, stains, blemishes and bonded contaminants.

Clearcoat Finishes - Auto manufacturers apply a clear coat of polyurethane enamel on top of the color coat of the automobile finish to protect the pigment. The clearcoats of today's cars contain sunscreens to filter out ultraviolet rays, which usually damage paint.

Cleaner Break - a component added to industrial cleaner formulations to provide alkalinity and “break” or emulsify grease and oily soils.

Cleanser - a powdered cleaning product usually containing an abrasive, a surfactant and sometimes a bleach.

Clear Coat - a clear protective finish applied to new cars at time of production. Applied to paint and most wheels.

Cloud Paint - the temperature above which a detergent concentrate or solution separates into two distinct phases.

Compounds - Rubbing compounds come in soft pastes or liquids and include a variety of different types of hard to soft abrasives, which might include silica, diatomaceous earth, depending on what the formulator is attempting to achieve with the product.

Cotton Tipped Applicators - These are the most useful detailing tools around. Small, cotton tipped sticks used to clean the very small cracks and crevasses in an automobile.

Combustible Liquid - a liquid with a flash point above 140° F but less than 200° F.

Compound - A compound is an abrasive product used to remove scratches and paint defects by abrading away the upper levels of the overall paint surface. Compounds usually have fairly high percentages of abrasive with hardness on the upper end of the scale (8 Mohs). Abrasive grits range from 600 (heavy) to 2000 (light). Compounds can be used to eradicate sanding scratches, shallow chips, environmental scratches, oxidation and waterspots. Compounds have good lubricity, cleaning ability and long working time but have no waxes, or other ingredients to provide protection for the surface.

Corrosion Inhibitor - a material that protects against the wearing away of appliance surfaces.

Corrosive - the characteristic of a material that eats away either metals or living tissue.

Cutting pads - Woven wool pads usually 7" to 9" in diameter, whose purpose is to remove the paint surface irregularity: orange peel, surface scratches, water spots, etc.

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Detailing - Learning what man-made and natural environmental contaminants are hazardous to your paint, and taking steps to remove or protect your car from them. Auto detailing is the process of paying attention to all of the details on your car, from paint care, to upholstery, trim, stainless, the correct decals, plastic and window glass.

Detailing Clay - Also known as "fallout clay," this product is used either during the washing process, or afterward with a lubricant. It is formed into the shape of a hamburger, then lubricated with suds and wiped over the surface area with minor defects.

Deflocculation - the action of breaking up solid aggregates of soil into small particles. The particles are then flushed away.

Degreaser - a specialty product that removes grease and greasy/oily soils. Their main products are surfactants that penetrate or emulsify. They are designed more for hard surfaces than for fabrics. They may be used for pre-treatment or as the sole cleaning agent, but rinsing should always follow.

Demulsify - the breaking down of an emulsion of the insoluble material will form a separate layer (i.e., oil and water).

Detergency - cleaning ability.

Detergent - any cleaning agent. In popular usage, washing and cleaning agents with a composition other than soap that clean by much the same mechanisms as does soap. The term detergent is used to describe both the basic surface active agents and finished products. Based on a surface active agent that finished products are synthesized from chemically, a variety of raw materials derived from petroleum, fatty acids and other sources. They may also contain ingredients such as builders, antiredeposition agents (CMC), corrosion inhibitors (EDTA), suds control agents (defoamers), fluorescent whitening agents (optical brighteners), sodium sulfate (processing aids), water, alcohols, hydrotropes, colorants, fragrances and pacifiers. Detergent ingredients vary with the type of products, which include light duty detergents, heavy-duty detergents, hard surface cleaners, automatic dishwasher detergents, and cleansers. The finished products come in a number of forms, such as granules, liquids and crystals.

Diatomaceous Earth (diatomite) - A soft, bulky, solid material composed of skeletons of small prehistoric aquatic plants (diatoms). In the polish industry, the diatomaceous earth that is used has been ground, and divided into various hardnesses and sizes to create abrasives.

Dilution Ratio - the amount of water mixed with the product. 1 to 1, 10 to 1 etc.

Disinfectant - an agent that kills, inactivates or repels organisms in or on plants, animals or inanimate objects.

Dispersing Agent - a material that increases the stability of particles in a liquid.

Dispersion - see Deflocculation.

Dressings - see Glazes.

Dwell Time - the time involved after the application of a chemical to the surface before rinsing.

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Emulsification - the action of breaking up fats, oils, greases and other soils into small particles which are then suspended in water.

Emulsifier - a compound which will link grease and water together in order to flush away.

Etching - the process whereby an acidic solution will react with the surface it’s on (generally metal or glass) and either remove a microscopic layer of the metal or dissolve the glass. Aluminum is brightened through etching.

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Fillers - Fillers are oils with a refractive index that is very close to the refractive index of paint. By matching the refractive index of the paint, indented defects in the paint are rendered invisible. The effect is the same as the windshield chip repair.

Finessing - Removing a single paint defect on an isolated or small area using polishing papers. These are very fine grit sandpapers used to remove paint extremely slowly. This provides a high degree of control when removing a paint defect.

Finishing pads - There are three types of finishing pads- 100% sheepskin, sheepskin/synthetic mix, and foam.

Flash Point - the lowest temperature at which a liquid produces sufficient vapor to ignite with a test flame.

Freeze Point - the temperature where a liquid turns to a solid.

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Germicide - any agent that will kill bacteria, especially those causing disease.

Glazes - term referring to products used on car finishes to enhance shine and protect finish. Also called dressings.

Glycerin (glycerol) - A clear, colorless, odorless syrupy liquid. It is used in the polish industry for its lubricity, emulsifying ability and humectancy (affinity for water).

Gloss meter - A device that measures "Distinctness of Image Gloss." The instrument, called a Quality of Finish Measurement Instrument is a small, handheld battery powered device that enables measurement and evaluation of automotive finishes.

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HLB - a rating that describes the oil or water loving nature of a surfactant.

Hard Surface Cleaner - a product formulated for cleaning painted surfaces, washable floor coverings, plastics, metals, porcelain and other surfaces.

Hydrolysis - a chemical reaction in which water reacts with another substance to form one or more new substances.

Hydrochloric Acid - see Muriatic Acid.

Hydrofluoric Acid (HF) - one of the most potent acids available. HF cleans aluminum by disintegration. It is an extremely dangerous acid to use and proper safety equipment should always be worn.

Hydrophilic - water loving. A descriptive term applied to the group or radical of a surfactant molecule that makes or tends to make it soluble in water.

Hydrotrope - a substance that increases the solubility in water of another material which is only partially soluble.

Hypochlorite - in its sodium salt form, the active bleaching ingredient in liquid chlorine bleach.

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Inert - a surface that will not react to a particular cleaning compound.

Inorganic - a substance that is not made of the combination of hydrogen and carbon.

Iron Particles - Iron particles are deposited on the surface of an automobile during transport on a train. These iron particles will rust and begin to corrode your car's sheet metal.

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Lime Soap - the insoluble salt formed by the interaction of soaps and fatty acids with the minerals in hard water (also called soap curd).

Leather Conditioning - After wiping down your leather interior with a damp cloth, use a leather conditioner to replenish lost oils and preservatives such as U.V. blockers. This will greatly extend the life of your leather interior.

Loupe - A loupe is a photographer's tool used to view flaws in a painted surface.

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Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) - this is the government required form that must be on file for each chemical manufactured. The information contained on an MSDS describes hazards, precautions, ingredients, etc.

Metal Cleaner/Polish - a paste or thick opaque liquid that may hold a fine abrasive in suspension and usually contains an organic acid.

Mineral Oil - A liquid petroleum derivative of solvent with very low volatility, low odor, high clarity and low toxicity. Mineral oils range in viscosity from 50 poise.

Muriatic Acid - a strong acid used for removing concrete and mortar. Also called Hydrochloric Acid.

Maintaining - Keeping the finish looking like it was just polished, every day.

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Neutral Cleaner - cleaner with a pH of 6 to 8.

Noble Metal Scale - the more “noble” a metal, the less reactive to chemical products. E.g., stainless steel is a noble metal, therefore, very unreactive. Aluminum is very low on the noble scale and therefore, very reactive.

Nonionic Surfactant - a surface active agent that contains neither positively nor negatively charged (ionic) functional groups; such surfactants have been found to be particularly effective in removing oily soil.

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One Step - A one step product is a polish product formulated with more emphasis placed on the protective ingredients so that it provides both slight correcting capabilities and protection. But the protection is less durable than a wax or sealant.

Optical Brightener (optical bleach; colorless dye; fluorescent brightener) - a colorless, fluorescent, organic compound that absorbs UV light and emits it as visible blue light. The blue light masks the undesirable yellow textiles, paper, detergents and plastics.

Organic - a substance composed of hydrogen and carbon.

Orbital Polishers - A tool which duplicates the hand motion that would apply and remove wax or sealant.

Oxidation - Oxidation occurs when the exterior skin of your topcoat of paint begins to dry out. The paint finish becomes more porous, less resistant to penetration and dull.

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Pad / Bonnets - Pads are generally used with the rotary buffer/polishers and bonnets with the orbital tools. There are two main categories of pads: cutting and finishing pads.

Paint Codes - The paint code is a number assigned by the car manufacturer to a particular color. The code is written on a tag located on the car's body, usually in the door jam. This code is used when finding touch-up paint or when getting the entire automobile repainted.

Paint Thickness - Measured in "mils" (.001 of an inch), these measurements can be helpful in determining the condition of the paint or if a paint job has been redone. The normal range of most factory paint jobs is between 3 ½ - 5 ½ Mils. (A piece of notebook paper is 2.5 mils thick)

Paint Thickness Gauges - This tool measures the thickness of the paint. With just a little arithmetic the user can determine how thick the clear coat is.

Polishes - A product that is used as the next step after the compound to remove swirls and polish the paint.

Polishing - Creating a high gloss/high reflection on the paint.

Polymers - "Poly" means many and "mer" means unit. So any chemical that consists of endlessly repeating identical chemical units is a polymer. Most of the thickeners used in car polishes and waxes are polymers. Polymers can make large improvements in the quality of automobile finish products, but they have to meet certain criteria. The most important criteria is a chemical reaction called "cross linking," which means that there has to be a way for each one of these long chain polymers to connect together. If a polymer crosslinks, it can form a durable net of polymer over the surface of the paint.

Powder Coating - Coating your engine parts with a porcelain type of finish available in a very wide variety of colors. This creates a very durable finish.

Protecting - Creating a barrier coat on top of the finish to protect the paint finishes from the elements.

Paint Sealant - The term “sealant” has different meanings for different groups. Detail people expect their sealant products to have extra durability, forming a protective film over the paint. Body shops and automobile painters call a product a sealant if 1) they cannot repaint the area after using the product, or 2) it will impair the solvent evaporation from a newly painted surface. Lastly, paint manufacturers call a product a sealant if the product will stop “bleed through” of undesirable properties from lower layers of paint or substrate to the newly painted surface, such as a primer. For a detailer, a sealant product would be one that contains ingredients that will form a durable film over the surface of the paint, creating a barrier on the surface, such as a cross-linking polymer like amino functional silicones. Paint sealants have very little paint surface repair properties.

Peptizing - the breaking up of solid particles into extremely small particles - so small they act as if they were in a true solution.

PH - a chemical symbol expressing the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a solution. Technically speaking, it is the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration in a water system. On the pH scale, most products run from 1 to 14; the lower numbers are considered on the acidic side and the higher on the alkaline side. A pH of 7 is neutral, neither acidic nor alkaline.

Phosphatized - chemically treated to provide iron and steel with a gray protective ferric-phosphate coating.

Phosphoric Acid - a relatively safe acid (used in soda drinks, for example) that is commonly used for metal cleaning and rust removal.

Physical State - solid, liquid or gas.

Pitting - see Corrosion.

Polish - A polish is a light grade abrasive product using abrasives on the low end of the scale (6 Mohs) with lower percentages and smaller particle size. In many cases the powders used in polishes would not be considered abrasive particles. On very soft surfaces such as paint, they have abrasive qualities and will remove very small surface defects such as oxidation and swirls (very fine circular scratches from compounding). Polishes will many times include waxes, silicones, resins or other protective ingredients found in finish products to create a finished look and durability.

Polymer - The simplest definition for polymer is also the most descriptive: “poly” means many and “mer” means unit. So, any chemical that consists of endlessly repeating identical chemical units is a polymer. Polymers include such (now familiar yet somewhat incomprehensible) materials as polyethylene, polyurethane, polytetrafluoroethylene and polyisocyanate. Notice how the chemical name always starts with “poly” followed by another word. For example, poly-ethylene is many units of ethylene.

Precipitate - a material that has settled out of solution.

Precipitating Builder - a chemical that softens water by converting hardness minerals to an insoluble form.

Pre-Mix - mixing concentrated chemical with water prior to the product being used in the wash.

Processing Aids - agents used in the manufacture of detergents to prevent caking, to promote flow properties and to standardize product density.

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Resins - Resin is a catch all term, but usually a resin is a polymer that melts or is soluble in specific solvents.

Reactivity - the characteristic of a material to produce a chemical reaction.

Reduction - the fading of paint and spotting on aluminum through use of harsh acidic or alkaline products resulting in the breaking down of said surfaces.

Reserve Alkalinity (Buffering Capacity - a measure of the buffering capacity (above pH 9.5) of alkaline cleaning products, expressed as the equivalent amount of sodium hydroxide.

Rinse Agent - similar to the “Jet Dry” used in dish washers. This is not a “wax.” It aids in the spot-free drying of a vehicle after the wash cycle is ended.

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Sealants - A sealant product should be one that forms some sort of cross-linking film over the surface of the paint, forming a durable barrier on the surface.

Salt - combination of a halogen and a metal (i.e., Chlorine combined with Sodium yields common table salt.)

Sanitizer - an agent that reduces the number of bacterial contaminants to safe levels as determined by public health requirements.

Saponification - the chemical conversion of soluble fats and oils into soluble soaps. The soluble soap is then dissolved and readily removed.

Sequestering Agent - any compound that, in aqueous solution, combines with a metallic ion to form a water-soluble combination in which the ion is substantially inactive.

Silicone (Polydimethyl Siloxane) - Silicone fluid is relatively short chain polymer called polydimethyl siloxane, note the prefix poly before the units of dimethyl siloxane. The properties of silicone fluids range from very thin, volatile liquids that look and feel like petroleum solvents to thick heavy liquids that look like crystal clear honey. The only difference between the thin liquid and the honey liquid is the number of units in the dimethylsiloxane chain.

Siloxane (oxosilane) - A straight chain compound consisting of silicone atoms bonded to 4 oxygen atoms, repeating O-Si-O-Si-O. This unit forms the backbone for silicone fluid.

Soap - a cleaning compound made by treating a fatty acid with a caustic chemical.

Soda Ash - a common name for a commercial form of anhydrous sodium carbonate.

Soil Redeposition Inhibitor - a detergent ingredient that aids in keeping soil suspended and dispersed in wash water and thus minimizes the settling or redepositing of soil on fabrics.

Soil Suspending Agent - see Soil Redeposition Inhibitor.

Soluble - capable of being dissolved in a liquid.

Solution - a homogenous mixture formed by dissolving one or more substances into a liquid.

Solvent - A substance capable of dissolving another substance to form a uniformly dispersed mixture at the molecular or ionic level. The commonly used version of the term refers to a variety of volatile organic liquids, organic solvents, used to dissolve and reduce the viscosity of many active ingredients. There are many types of organic solvents with varying degrees of solvency (ability to dissolve).

***************** Solvent list *******************
Aliphatic solvents - kerosene, naphtha, mineral spirits, white gas
Aromatic solvents - xylene, toluene, benzene
Alcohols - isopropanol, ethanol, methanol
Ketones - acetone, MEK
Terpenes - d-limonene, pine oil

Specific Gravity - the ratio of the density of a material to the density of water.

Super-Concentrate - stronger mixture than a concentrate. This product, when initially diluted, becomes a concentrate that is diluted again before use.

Surface Active Agent - an organic chemical that, when added to a liquid, changes the properties of that liquid at a surface.

Surface Tension - the force required (usually expressed an dynes per square centimeter) to penetrate the surface of a nonagitated liquid.

Surfactants - surface active agent that increases the emulsifying, dispersing and wetting properties of a solution. (Generally excludes non-synthetic detergent molecules.)

Swirl Remover - A swirl remover is a very light grade polish formulated to remove only the lightest scratches with very fine, soft abrasives (below the scale of abrasives) and lots of lubricity. A byproduct of the lubricants is the ability to hide swirls as well as remove them.

Synergism - when two chemicals are combined and the combined effect of the chemical reaction is greater than either one acting independently.

Synthetic Detergent - a term describing washing and cleaning products based on synthetic surfactants rather than traditional soaps.

Silicone - Silicone fluid is a relatively short chain inorganic polymer called polydimethyl siloxane. The chain is not long enough to be typically called a polymer but by the technical definition, it is a polymer.

Swirl Mark - Very minute scratches that are caused by the power buffer cutting pad. The scratches refract light in such a way as to create the "swirl" effect.

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Temperature Gauge - A gauge that professionals use to know the temperature of the paint surface. By knowing the surface temperature, the professional knows how his or her chemicals will work.

Talc - A finely divided hydrous magnesium silicate (also called talcum). Talc has the lowest defined rating on the Mohs scale, 1. Talc and many other powders are not considered abrasives as they do not fall into the 6 to 10 Mohs range for hardness.

Teflon (polytetrafluoroethylene, PTFE) - Teflon is a trade name of Du Pont Chemical for a polymer of tetrafluoroethylene. Teflon is powder that melts at 600ºF or dissolves in fluorinated solvents such as freon. Teflon is one version of a group of chemicals classed as fluoropolymers which have diverse applications and properties.

Thickening Agents - used to increase the viscosity (thickness) of liquid detergents.

TLV - Threshold Limit Value. Concentration of a material that is upper limit and is safe for working with continuous exposure for an eight hour period.

Touchless - the removal of soil with chemical and high pressure only, no mechanical agitation.

Trisodium Phosphate (TSP) - an alkaline substance used as a cleaning compound. Environmental laws prohibit its sale in some regions. Because it contains phosphate, a fertilizer, it encourages growth of mildew and mold.

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UN Regulated Material - those chemicals or blends that by their chemical nature are deemed regulated by the U.S. DOT and the shipment of which is closely controlled and permitted only by trained and certified individuals.

USDA Approval - a cleaning formulation that has been approved for use in stated applications, typically in food processing plants.

Use-Dilution - the final concentration at which a product is used.

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Variable Speed Rotary Buffer
The purpose of this tool is to rotate at a high speed, usually from 1800 to 4500 rpm, which creates friction and heat, thereby softening the paint.

Viscosity - “thickness” of a liquid. The property of a fluid that resists internal flow by releasing counteracting forces. The capability of a solid to yield continually under stress.

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Washing - Removing the loose contaminants sitting on top of your paint finish.

Waxes - Waxes are used to provide protection and enhance the shine left by the polish. Waxes are available in pastes, creams, or liquids; they can contain natural or synthetic waxes; by name: carnauba, paraffin, and synthetic carnauba.

Washing Soda - a common name for a commercial form of hydrated sodium carbonate. It is also called “salt soda” and “soda.” Washing soda is used as a detergent booster.

Water Hardness - soluble metal salts, principally those of calcium and magnesium (and some times iron and manganese) that when present in water in sufficient amounts create cleaning problems. In the case of soap, insoluble soap curds are formed. In general, water hardness reduces the ability of surfactants to perform their cleaning function. Hardness is expressed in grains per gallon (gpg), grains per liter (gpl), or parts per million (ppm). One gpg equals 17.1 ppm. Water essentially free of calcium and magnesium is described as soft; if appreciable amounts of either or both are present, it is called hard.

Wax - Waxes form a broad category of organic (contain carbon) materials that don’t fall into any one chemical family but are generally classed as lipids (for lack of a better place to put them). A materials is called a wax if it is a 1) solid at room temperature, 2) melts at a fairly low point (called thermoplastic) and 3) does not fall into the category of polymer. The properties of waxes cover a large span of specifications but the “specs” that are important to automobile waxes are 1) hardness, 2) melting point 3) water repellency and 4) resistance to breakdown by environmental factors. There are many waxes available that fit the specifications for a good automobile wax. They include vegetable waxes (carnauba), animal waxes (bees wax), mineral petroleum waxes (paraffin and microcrystaline), mineral fossil waxes (montan), and (despite the apparent contradiction) synthetic waxes (short chain ethylenic polymers).

Wetter - see Wetting Agents.

Wetting Agents - a compound that increases the ability and speed with which a liquid displaces air from a solid surface, thus improving the process of wetting that surface. It reduces the surface tension of water, allowing it to spread - or absorb - more freely.

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Zephiran - a benzalkonium chloride solution used when skin (not eyes) comes in contact with any acidic product used for aluminum brightening.